ประวัติศาสตร์
Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. This was especially true for mobile activities, or for new settlements. ปราสาทเอลมินา, the first ป้อมทาส in แอฟริกาตะวันตก, was also the first European prefabricated building in ย่อย-สะฮาราแอฟริกา.1: 93 In อเมริกาเหนือ, in 1624 หนึ่งในอาคารแรก at Cape Ann was probably partially prefabricated, and was rapidly disassembled and moved at least once. จอห์น โรลโล described in 1801 earlier use of portable hospital buildings in the หมู่เกาะอินเดียตะวันตก.2 Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the "Manning cottage". A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia.3 One such is the Friends Meeting House, แอดิเลด.45 The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from ลิเวอร์พูล, บอสตัน and สิงคโปร์ (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly).6 In บาร์เบโดส the Chattel house was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as ทรัพย์สิน.7
In 1855 during the สงครามไครเมีย, after ฟลอเรนซ์ ไนติงเกล wrote a letter to เวลา, อาณาจักรอิซัมบาร์ด บรูเนล was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. In five months he designed the โรงพยาบาลเร็นคิโออิ: โรงพยาบาลผู้ป่วย 1,000 แห่ง ด้วยนวัตกรรมด้านสุขอนามัย การระบายอากาศ และโถชักโครก8 Fabricator วิลเลียม อีสซี่ constructed the required 16 units in ท่าเรือกลอสเตอร์, shipped directly to the ดาร์ดาแนลส์. ใช้เฉพาะตั้งแต่เดือนมีนาคม พ.ศ. 2399 ถึงกันยายน พ.ศ. 2400 ลดอัตราการเสียชีวิตจาก 42 เปอร์เซ็นต์เป็น 3.5 เปอร์เซ็นต์
The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in ลิเวอร์พูล. A process was invented by city engineer จอห์น อเล็กซานเดอร์ โบรดี, whose inventive genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in ลิเวอร์พูล followed in 1906. The idea was not extensively adopted in Britain, however was widely adopted elsewhere, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Prefabricated homes were produced during the ตื่นทอง in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908.9
Prefabricated housing was popular during the สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. The United States used กระท่อมควอนเซ็ต as military buildings, and in the United Kingdom prefabricated buildings used included นิสสัน ฮัท and Bellman Hangars. 'Prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during บลิทซ์. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the คณะกรรมการเบิร์ต and the ที่อยู่อาศัย (ที่พักชั่วคราว) พระราชบัญญัติ 1944. Under the กระทรวงแรงงาน ทำโรงงานฉุกเฉิน housing programme, a specification was drawn up and bid on by various private construction and manufacturing companies. After approval by the MoW, companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing กวาดล้างสลัม.10 Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britain11 was at เบลล์ เวล (South Liverpool), where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The estate was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy as the prefabs were very popular with residents at the time.
Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many Britons at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not ติดตั้ง in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included steel, aluminium, timber or แร่ใยหินชนิดหนึ่ง, depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium ประเภท B2 prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country.12
The Universal House (pictured left lounge diner right) was given to the พิพิธภัณฑ์กลางแจ้งชิลเทิร์น after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.
The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returning home. รูปแบบสำเร็จรูป classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the เบบี้บูม of the 1950s and 1960s.
Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of บริสตอล still had residents living in 700 examples.13 Many UK councils have been in the process of demolishing the last surviving examples of Second World War prefabs in order to comply with the British government's มาตรฐานบ้านที่มีคุณค่า, which came into effect in 2010. There has, however, been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom's current housing shortage.ต้องการการอ้างอิง
รูปแบบสำเร็จรูปและขบวนการสมัยใหม่
สถาปนิกผสมผสานการออกแบบที่ทันสมัยเข้ากับบ้านสำเร็จรูปในปัจจุบัน ไม่ควรเปรียบเทียบที่อยู่อาศัยรูปแบบสำเร็จรูปกับบ้านเคลื่อนที่ในแง่ของรูปลักษณ์อีกต่อไป แต่เป็นของการออกแบบสมัยใหม่ที่ซับซ้อน14 There has also been an increase in the use of "green" materials in the construction of these prefab houses. Consumers can easily select between different environmentally friendly finishes and wall systems. Since these homes are built in parts, it is easy for a home owner to add additional rooms or even solar panels to the roofs. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client's specific location and climate, making prefab homes much more flexible and modern than before.
There is a ไซท์ไกสต์ or แนวโน้ม in architectural circles and the spirit of the age favors the small รอยเท้าคาร์บอน of "prefab".
ประสิทธิภาพ
The process of building pre-fabricated buildings has become so efficient in China that a builder in ฉางซา built a ten-ชั้น building in 28 hours and 45 minutes.15 16
ในประเทศคอมมิวนิสต์
Many eastern European countries had suffered physical damage during สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง and their economies were in a very poor state. There was a need to reconstruct cities which had been severely damaged due to the war. For example, วอร์ซอ had been practically razed to the ground under the planned destruction of Warsaw by German forces after the 1944 การจลาจลในวอร์ซอ. The centre of เดรสเดนเยอรมนีถูกทำลายล้างจากการทิ้งระเบิดของฝ่ายสัมพันธมิตรในปี พ.ศ. 2488 ตาลินกราดถูกทำลายไปมากและมีโครงสร้างเหลืออยู่เพียงเล็กน้อยเท่านั้น
Prefabricated buildings served as an inexpensive and quick way to alleviate the massive housing shortages associated with the wartime destruction and large-scale การทำให้เป็นเมือง and เที่ยวบินในชนบท.
อาคารพาณิชย์สำเร็จรูป
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McDonald's uses prefabricated structures for their buildings, and set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works).17
In the UK, the major supermarkets have each developed a modular unit system to shop building, based on the systems developed by German cost retailer Aldi and the Danish supermarket chain เน็ตโต้.18